Symmetry, Integrability and Geometry: Methods and Applications (SIGMA)

SIGMA 21 (2025), 084, 16 pages      arXiv:2504.21359      https://doi.org/10.3842/SIGMA.2025.084

Ultra-Discretization of Yang-Baxter Maps, Probability Distributions and Independence Preserving Property

Hiroki Kondo a, Sachiko Nakajima b and Makiko Sasada b
a) Faculty of Data Science, Shimonoseki City University, Yamaguchi 751-8510, Japan
b) Graduate School of Mathematical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8914, Japan

Received May 02, 2025, in final form October 07, 2025; Published online October 13, 2025

Abstract
We study the relationship between Yang-Baxter maps and the independence preserving (IP) property, motivated by their role in integrable systems, from the perspective of ultra-discretization. Yang-Baxter maps satisfy the set-theoretic Yang-Baxter equation, while the IP property ensures independence of transformed random variables. The relationship between these two seemingly unrelated properties has recently started to be studied by Sasada and Uozumi (2024). Ultra-discretization is a concept primarily used in the context of integrable systems and is an area of active research, serving as a method for exploring the connections between different integrable systems. However, there are few studies on how the stationary distribution for integrable systems changes through ultra-discretization. In this paper, we introduce the concept of ultra-discretization for probability distributions, and prove that the properties of being a Yang-Baxter map and having the IP property are both preserved under ultra-discretization. Applying this to quadrirational Yang-Baxter maps, we confirm that their ultra-discrete versions retain these properties, yielding new examples of piecewise linear maps having the IP property. We also explore implications of our results for stationary distributions of integrable systems and pose several open questions.

Key words: Yang-Baxter maps; quadrirational maps; ultra-discretization; tropicalization; zero-temperature limit; independence preserving property.

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