### Symmetry, Integrability and Geometry: Methods and Applications (SIGMA)

SIGMA 15 (2019), 017, 51 pages      arXiv:1807.01910      https://doi.org/10.3842/SIGMA.2019.017

### Ghostpeakons and Characteristic Curves for the Camassa-Holm, Degasperis-Procesi and Novikov Equations

Hans Lundmark and Budor Shuaib
Department of Mathematics, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden

Received July 06, 2018, in final form February 19, 2019; Published online March 06, 2019

Abstract
We derive explicit formulas for the characteristic curves associated with the multipeakon solutions of the Camassa-Holm, Degasperis-Procesi and Novikov equations. Such a curve traces the path of a fluid particle whose instantaneous velocity equals the elevation of the wave at that point (or the square of the elevation, in the Novikov case). The peakons themselves follow characteristic curves, and the remaining characteristic curves can be viewed as paths of ''ghostpeakons'' with zero amplitude; hence, they can be obtained as solutions of the ODEs governing the dynamics of multipeakon solutions. The previously known solution formulas for multipeakons only cover the case when all amplitudes are nonzero, since they are based upon inverse spectral methods unable to detect the ghostpeakons. We show how to overcome this problem by taking a suitable limit in terms of spectral data, in order to force a selected peakon amplitude to become zero. Moreover, we use direct integration to compute the characteristic curves for the solution of the Degasperis-Procesi equation where a shockpeakon forms at a peakon-antipeakon collision. In addition to the theoretical interest in knowing the characteristic curves, they are also useful for plotting multipeakon solutions, as we illustrate in several examples.

Key words: peakons; characteristic curves; Camassa-Holm equation; Degasperis-Procesi equation; Novikov equation.

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