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# stress-ng (stress next generation) stress-ng will stress test a computer system in various selectable ways. It was designed to exercise various physical subsystems of a computer as well as the various operating system kernel interfaces. Stress-ng features: * 290+ stress tests * 80+ CPU specific stress tests that exercise floating point, integer, bit manipulation and control flow * 20+ virtual memory stress tests * 40+ file system stress tests * 30+ memory/CPU cache stress tests * portable: builds on Linux (Debian, Devuan, RHEL, Fedora, Centos, Slackware OpenSUSE, Ubuntu, etc..), Solaris, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, DragonFlyBSD, Minix, Android, MacOS X, Serenity OS, GNU/Hurd, Haiku, Windows Subsystem for Linux and SunOs/Dilos/Solaris. with gcc, clang, icc, tcc and pcc. * tested on alpha, armel, armhf, arm64, hppa, i386, m68k, mips32, mips64, power32, ppc64el, risc-v, sh4, s390x, sparc64, x86-64 stress-ng was originally intended to make a machine work hard and trip hardware issues such as thermal overruns as well as operating system bugs that only occur when a system is being thrashed hard. Use stress-ng with caution as some of the tests can make a system run hot on poorly designed hardware and also can cause excessive system thrashing which may be difficult to stop. stress-ng can also measure test throughput rates; this can be useful to observe performance changes across different operating system releases or types of hardware. However, it has never been intended to be used as a precise benchmark test suite, so do NOT use it in this manner. Running stress-ng with root privileges will adjust out of memory settings on Linux systems to make the stressors unkillable in low memory situations, so use this judiciously. With the appropriate privilege, stress-ng can allow the ionice class and ionice levels to be adjusted, again, this should be used with care. ## Tarballs Tarballs of each version of stress-ng can be downloaded using the URL: https://github.com/ColinIanKing/stress-ng/tarball/version where version is the relevant version number, for example: https://github.com/ColinIanKing/stress-ng/tarball/V0.13.05 ## Running latest stress-ng snapshot in a container ```bash docker run --rm ghcr.io/colinianking/stress-ng --help ``` or ```bash docker run --rm colinianking/stress-ng --help ``` ## Building stress-ng To build, the following libraries will ensure a fully functional stress-ng build: (note libattr is not required for more recent disto releases). Debian, Ubuntu: * libaio-dev * libapparmor-dev * libatomic1 * libattr1-dev * libbsd-dev * libcap-dev * libgbm-dev * libgcrypt-dev * libglvnd-dev * libipsec-mb-dev * libjpeg-dev * libjudy-dev * libkeyutils-dev * libkmod-dev * libmd-dev * libsctp-dev * libxxhash-dev * zlib1g-dev RHEL, Fedora, Centos: * Judy-devel * keyutils-libs-devel * kmod-devel * libaio-devel * libatomic * libattr-devel * libbsd-devel * libcap-devel * libgbm-devel * libgcrypt-devel * libglvnd-core-devel * libglvnd-devel * libjpeg-devel * libmd-devel * libX11-devel * libXau-devel * libxcb-devel * lksctp-tools-devel * xorg-x11-proto-devel * xxhash-devel * zlib-devel RHEL, Fedora, Centos (static builds): * glibc-static * Judy-devel * keyutils-libs-devel * libaio-devel * libatomic-static * libattr-devel * libbsd-devel * libcap-devel * libgbm-devel * libgcrypt-devel * libglvnd-core-devel * libglvnd-devel * libjpeg-devel * libmd-devel * libX11-devel * libXau-devel * libxcb-devel * lksctp-tools-devel * xorg-x11-proto-devel * xxhash-devel * zlib-devel SUSE: * keyutils-devel * libaio-devel * libapparmor-devel * libatomic1 * libattr-devel * libbsd-devel * libcap-devel * libgbm-devel * libglvnd-devel * libjpeg-turbo * libkmod-devel * libmd-devel * libseccomp-devel * lksctp-tools-devel * xxhash-devel * zlib-devel ClearLinux: * devpkg-Judy * devpkg-kmod * devpkg-libattr * devpkg-libbsd * devpkg-libgcrypt * devpkg-libjpeg-turbo * devpkg-libsctp * devpkg-mesa Alpine Linux: * build-base * jpeg-dev * judy-dev (presently in testing, see [#13779](https://gitlab.alpinelinux.org/alpine/aports/-/issues/13779)) * keyutils-dev * kmod-dev * libaio-dev * libatomic * libattr * libbsd-dev * libcap-dev * libgcrypt-dev * libmd-dev * libseccomp-dev * lksctp-tools-dev * mesa-dev * xxhash-dev * zlib-dev NOTE: the build will try to detect build dependencies and will build an image with functionality disabled if the support libraries are not installed. At build-time stress-ng will detect kernel features that are available on the target build system and enable stress tests appropriately. Stress-ng has been build-tested on Ubuntu, Debian, Debian GNU/Hurd, Slackware, RHEL, SLES, Centos, kFreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD, FreeBSD, Debian kFreeBSD, DragonFly BSD, OS X, Minix, Solaris 11.3, OpenIndiana and Hiaku. Ports to other POSIX/UNIX like operating systems should be relatively easy. NOTE: ALWAYS run ```make clean``` after fetching changes from the git repository to force the build to regenerate the build configuration file. To build on BSD systems, one requires gcc and GNU make: ``` CC=gcc gmake clean CC=gcc gmake ``` To build on OS X systems, just use: ``` make clean make ``` To build on MINIX, gmake and clang are required: ``` CC=clang gmake clean CC=clang gmake ``` To build on SunOS, one requires GCC and GNU make, build using: ``` CC=gcc gmake clean CC=gcc gmake ``` To build on Dilos, one requires GCC and GNU make, build using: ``` CC=gcc gmake clean CC=gcc gmake ``` To build on Haiku Alpha 4: ``` make clean make ``` To build a static image (example, for Android), use: ``` make clean STATIC=1 make ``` To build with full warnings enabled: ``` make clean PEDANTIC=1 make ``` To build with the Tiny C compiler: ``` make clean CC=tcc make ``` To build with the PCC portable C compiler use: ``` make clean CC=pcc make ``` To build with the musl C library: ``` make clean CC=musl-gcc make ``` To build with the Intel C compiler use: ``` make clean CC=icc make ``` ## Contributing to stress-ng: Send patches to colin.i.king@gmail.com or merge requests at https://github.com/ColinIanKing/stress-ng ## Quick Start Reference Guide The [Ubuntu stress-ng reference guide](https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Kernel/Reference/stress-ng) contains a brief overview and worked examples. ## Examples Run 4 CPU, 2 virtual memory, 1 disk and 8 fork stressors for 2 minutes and print measurements: ``` stress-ng --cpu 4 --vm 2 --hdd 1 --fork 8 --timeout 2m --metrics stress-ng: info: [573366] setting to a 120 second (2 mins, 0.00 secs) run per stressor stress-ng: info: [573366] dispatching hogs: 4 cpu, 2 vm, 1 hdd, 8 fork stress-ng: info: [573366] successful run completed in 123.78s (2 mins, 3.78 secs) stress-ng: info: [573366] stressor bogo ops real time usr time sys time bogo ops/s bogo ops/s CPU used per stress-ng: info: [573366] (secs) (secs) (secs) (real time) (usr+sys time) instance (%) stress-ng: info: [573366] cpu 515396 120.00 453.02 0.18 4294.89 1137.24 94.42 stress-ng: info: [573366] vm 2261023 120.01 223.80 1.80 18840.15 10022.27 93.99 stress-ng: info: [573366] hdd 367558 123.78 10.63 11.67 2969.49 16482.42 18.02 stress-ng: info: [573366] fork 598058 120.00 68.24 65.88 4983.80 4459.13 13.97 ``` Run matrix stressor on all online CPUs for 60 seconds and measure temperature: ``` stress-ng --matrix -1 --tz -t 60 stress-ng: info: [1171459] setting to a 60 second run per stressor stress-ng: info: [1171459] dispatching hogs: 8 matrix stress-ng: info: [1171459] successful run completed in 60.01s (1 min, 0.01 secs) stress-ng: info: [1171459] matrix: stress-ng: info: [1171459] acpitz0 75.00 C (348.15 K) stress-ng: info: [1171459] acpitz1 75.00 C (348.15 K) stress-ng: info: [1171459] pch_skylake 60.17 C (333.32 K) stress-ng: info: [1171459] x86_pkg_temp 62.72 C (335.87 K) ``` Run a mix of 4 I/O stressors and check for changes in disk S.M.A.R.T. metadata: ``` sudo stress-ng --iomix 4 --smart -t 30s stress-ng: info: [1171471] setting to a 30 second run per stressor stress-ng: info: [1171471] dispatching hogs: 4 iomix stress-ng: info: [1171471] successful run completed in 30.37s stress-ng: info: [1171471] Device ID S.M.A.R.T. Attribute Value Change stress-ng: info: [1171471] sdc 01 Read Error Rate 88015771 71001 stress-ng: info: [1171471] sdc 07 Seek Error Rate 59658169 92 stress-ng: info: [1171471] sdc c3 Hardware ECC Recovered 88015771 71001 stress-ng: info: [1171471] sdc f1 Total LBAs Written 481904395 877 stress-ng: info: [1171471] sdc f2 Total LBAs Read 3768039248 5139 stress-ng: info: [1171471] sdd be Temperature Difference 3670049 1 ``` Benchmark system calls using the VDSO: ``` stress-ng --vdso 1 -t 5 --metrics stress-ng: info: [1171584] setting to a 5 second run per stressor stress-ng: info: [1171584] dispatching hogs: 1 vdso stress-ng: info: [1171585] stress-ng-vdso: exercising vDSO functions: clock_gettime time gettimeofday getcpu stress-ng: info: [1171585] stress-ng-vdso: 9.88 nanoseconds per call (excluding 1.73 nanoseconds test overhead) stress-ng: info: [1171584] successful run completed in 5.10s stress-ng: info: [1171584] stressor bogo ops real time usr time sys time bogo ops/s bogo ops/s CPU used per stress-ng: info: [1171584] (secs) (secs) (secs) (real time) (usr+sys time) instance (%) stress-ng: info: [1171584] vdso 430633496 5.10 5.10 0.00 84375055.96 84437940.39 99.93 stress-ng: info: [1171584] vdso 9.88 nanoseconds per call (average per stressor) ``` Generate and measure branch misses using perf metrics: ``` sudo stress-ng --branch 1 --perf -t 10 --stdout | grep Branch stress-ng: info: [1171714] 604,703,327 Branch Instructions 53.30 M/sec stress-ng: info: [1171714] 598,760,234 Branch Misses 52.77 M/sec (99.02%) ``` ## Bugs found with stress-ng stress-ng has found several Linux Kernel bugs and appropriate fixes have been landed to address these issues: * [fs/locks.c: kernel oops during posix lock stress test](https://lkml.org/lkml/2016/11/27/212) * [rcu_preempt detected stalls on CPUs/tasks](https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/8/28/574) * [BUG: unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference](https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/10/30/247) * [WARNING: possible circular locking dependency detected](https://www.spinics.net/lists/kernel/msg2679315.html) * [SMP divide error](https://bugs.centos.org/view.php?id=14366) * [ext4_validate_inode_bitmap:99: comm stress-ng: Corrupt inode bitmap](https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/linux/+bug/1780137) * [virtio/s390: fix race in ccw_io_helper()](https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=78b1a52e05c9db11d293342e8d6d8a230a04b4e7) * [mm/page_idle.c: fix oops because end_pfn is larger than max_pfn](https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/next/linux-next.git/commit/mm/page_idle.c?id=d96d6145d9796d5f1eac242538d45559e9a23404) * [Illumos: ofdlock(): assertion failed: lckdat->l_start == 0](https://www.illumos.org/issues/9061) * [mm: compaction: avoid 100% CPU usage during compaction when a task is killed](https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=670105a25608affe01cb0ccdc2a1f4bd2327172b) * [mm/vmalloc.c: preload a CPU with one object for split purpose](https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=82dd23e84be3ead53b6d584d836f51852d1096e6) * [debugobjects: Use global free list in __debug_check_no_obj_freed()](https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=1ea9b98b007a662e402551a41a4413becad40a65) * [ARM: dts: meson8b: add reserved memory zone to fix silent freezes](https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=b9b4bf504c9e94fe38b93aa2784991c80cebcf2e) * [ARM64: dts: meson-gx: Add firmware reserved memory zones](https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=bba8e3f42736cf7f974968a818e53b128286ad1d) * [sched/core: Fix a race between try_to_wake_up() and a woken up task](https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=135e8c9250dd5c8c9aae5984fde6f230d0cbfeaf) * [ext4: lock the xattr block before checksuming it](https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=dac7a4b4b1f664934e8b713f529b629f67db313c) * [devpts: fix null pointer dereference on failed memory allocation](https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5353ed8deedee9e5acb9f896e9032158f5d998de) * [KEYS: ensure we free the assoc array edit if edit is valid](https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=ca4da5dd1f99fe9c59f1709fb43e818b18ad20e0) * [arm64: do not enforce strict 16 byte alignment to stack pointer](https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=e6d9a52543338603e25e71e0e4942f05dae0dd8a) * [proc: fix -ESRCH error when writing to /proc/$pid/coredump_filter](https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=41a0c249cb8706a2efa1ab3d59466b23a27d0c8b) * [perf evlist: Use unshare(CLONE_FS) in sb threads to let setns(CLONE_NEWNS) work](https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=b397f8468fa27f08b83b348ffa56a226f72453af) * [riscv: reject invalid syscalls below -1](https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=556f47ac6083d778843e89aa21b1242eee2693ed) * [RISC-V: Don't allow write+exec only page mapping request in mmap](https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=e0d17c842c0f824fd4df9f4688709fc6907201e1) * [riscv: set max_pfn to the PFN of the last page](https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=c749bb2d554825e007cbc43b791f54e124dadfce) * [crypto: hisilicon - update SEC driver module parameter](https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=57b1aac1b426b7255afa195298ed691ffea204c6) * [net: atm: fix update of position index in lec_seq_next](https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=2f71e00619dcde3d8a98ba3e7f52e98282504b7d) * [sched/debug: Fix memory corruption caused by multiple small reads of flags](https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=8d4d9c7b4333abccb3bf310d76ef7ea2edb9828f) * [ocfs2: ratelimit the 'max lookup times reached' notice](https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=45680967ee29e67b62e6800a8780440b840a0b1f) * [using perf can crash kernel with a stack overflow](https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/linux/+bug/1875941) * [stress-ng on gcov enabled focal kernel triggers OOPS](https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/linux/+bug/1879470) * [sparc64: Fix opcode filtering in handling of no fault loads](https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=e5e8b80d352ec999d2bba3ea584f541c83f4ca3f) * [opening a file with O_DIRECT on a file system that does not support it will leave an empty file](https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=213041) * [locking/atomic: sparc: Fix arch_cmpxchg64_local()](https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=7e1088760cfe0bb1fdb1f0bd155bfd52f080683a) * [btrfs: fix exhaustion of the system chunk array due to concurrent allocations](https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=986aa0f276752ca4809f95b260f59fafef01a6a7) * [btrfs: rework chunk allocation to avoid exhaustion of the system chunk array](https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=79bd37120b149532af5b21953643ed74af69654f) * [btrfs: fix deadlock with concurrent chunk allocations involving system chunks](https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=1cb3db1cf383a3c7dbda1aa0ce748b0958759947) * [locking/atomic: sparc: Fix arch_cmpxchg64_local()](https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=7e1088760cfe0bb1fdb1f0bd155bfd52f080683a) * [pipe: do FASYNC notifications for every pipe IO, not just state changes](https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=fe67f4dd8daa252eb9aa7acb61555f3cc3c1ce4c) * [io-wq: remove GFP_ATOMIC allocation off schedule out path](https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=d3e9f732c415cf22faa33d6f195e291ad82dc92e) * [mm/swap: consider max pages in iomap_swapfile_add_extent](https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=36ca7943ac18aebf8aad4c50829eb2ea5ec847df) * [copy_process(): Move fd_install() out of sighand->siglock critical section](https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=ddc204b517e60ae64db34f9832dc41dafa77c751) * [minix: fix bug when opening a file with O_DIRECT](https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=9ce3c0d26c42d279b6c378a03cd6a61d828f19ca) * [block: loop: fix deadlock between open and remove](https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=990e78116d38059c9306cf0560c1c4ed1cf358d3) * [arch/arm64: Fix topology initialization for core scheduling](https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5524cbb1bfcdff0cad0aaa9f94e6092002a07259) * [running stress-ng on Minux 3.4.0-RC6 on amd64 assert in vm/region.c:313](https://github.com/Stichting-MINIX-Research-Foundation/minix/issues/333) * [unshare test triggers unhandled page fault](https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/linux/+bug/1959215) * [request_module DoS](https://www.spinics.net/lists/kernel/msg4349826.html) * [NUMA Benchmark Regression In Linux 5.18](https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/YmrWK%2FKoU1zrAxPI@fuller.cnet) * [Underflow in mas_spanning_rebalance() and test](https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/20220625003854.1230114-1-Liam.Howlett@oracle.com/) * [mm/huge_memory: do not clobber swp_entry_t during THP split](https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=71e2d666ef85d51834d658830f823560c402b8b6) ## Kernel improvements that used stress-ng * [selinux: complete the inlining of hashtab functions](https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=54b27f9287a7b3dfc85549f01fc9d292c92c68b9) * [selinux: store role transitions in a hash table](https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=e67b2ec9f6171895e774f6543626913960e019df) * [sched/rt: Optimize checking group RT scheduler constraints](https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=b4fb015eeff7f3e5518a7dbe8061169a3e2f2bc7) * [sched/fair: handle case of task_h_load() returning 0](https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=01cfcde9c26d8555f0e6e9aea9d6049f87683998) * [sched/deadline: Unthrottle PI boosted threads while enqueuing](https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=feff2e65efd8d84cf831668e182b2ce73c604bbb) * [mm: fix madvise WILLNEED performance problem](https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=66383800df9cbdbf3b0c34d5a51bf35bcdb72fd2) * [powerpc/dma: Fix dma_map_ops::get_required_mask](https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=437ef802e0adc9f162a95213a3488e8646e5fc03) * [Revert "mm, slub: consider rest of partial list if acquire_slab() fails](https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=9b1ea29bc0d7b94d420f96a0f4121403efc3dd85) * [mm: memory: add orig_pmd to struct vm_fault](https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5db4f15c4fd7ae74dd40c6f84bf56dfcf13d10cf) * [selftests/powerpc: Add test of mitigation patching](https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=34f7f79827ec4db30cff9001dfba19f496473e8d) * [dm crypt: Avoid percpu_counter spinlock contention in crypt_page_alloc()](https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=528b16bfc3ae5f11638e71b3b63a81f9999df727) * [mm/migrate: optimize hotplug-time demotion order updates](https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=295be91f7ef0027fca2f2e4788e99731aa931834) * [powerpc/rtas: rtas_busy_delay() improvements](https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=38f7b7067dae0c101be573106018e8af22a90fdf) * [sched/core: Accounting forceidle time for all tasks except idle task](https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=b171501f258063f5c56dd2c5fdf310802d8d7dc1) * [ipc/mqueue: use get_tree_nodev() in mqueue_get_tree()](https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=d60c4d01a98bc1942dba6e3adc02031f5519f94b) ## Presentations * [Stress-ng presentation at ELCE 2019 Lyon](https://static.sched.com/hosted_files/osseu19/29/Lyon-stress-ng-presentation-oct-2019.pdf) * [Video of the above presentation](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8QaXStKfq3A) * [Stress-ng: How to Stress Test Your Computer (and Possibly Break It)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gD3Hn02VSHA) ## Citations * [Auto-scaling of Containers: the impact of Relative and Absolute Metrics](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319905237_Auto-Scaling_of_Containers_The_Impact_of_Relative_and_Absolute_Metrics) * [Increasing Platform Determinism PQOS DPDK](https://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/white-papers/increasing-platform-determinism-pqos-dpdk-paper.pdf) * [Testing the Windows Subsystem for Linux](https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/wsl/2017/04/11/testing-the-windows-subsystem-for-linux/) * [Practical analysis of the Precision Time Protocol under different types of system load](http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1106630/FULLTEXT01.pdf) * [Towards Virtual Machine Energy-Aware Cost Prediction in Clouds](http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/124309/1/paper_final.pdf) * [Towards Energy Efficient Data Management in HPC: The Open Ethernet Drive Approach](http://www.pdsw.org/pdsw-discs16/papers/p43-kougkas.pdf) * [Enhancing Cloud energy models for optimizing datacenters efficiency](https://cs.gmu.edu/~menasce/cs788/papers/ICCAC2015-Outin.pdf) * [CPU and memory performance analysis on dynamic and dedicated resource allocation using XenServer in Data Center environment](http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7877341/) * [Algorithms and Architectures for Parallel Processing](https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S4wwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7&lpg=PA7&dq=http://kernel.ubuntu.com/~cking/stress-ng/&source=bl&ots=bVZccBq2Io&sig=rIqKWyEhGmVPosAJiemKjGgEv0M&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiFo6LO2fbXAhWBtxQKHRcnDY04HhDoAQguMAE#v=onepage&q=http%3A%2F%2Fkernel.ubuntu.com%2F~cking%2Fstress-ng%2F&f=false) * [Advanced concepts and tools for renewable energy supply of IT Data Centres](http://www.renewit-tool.eu/Content/File/5-IT%20Load.pdf) * [How Much Power Does your Server Consume? Estimating Wall Socket Power Using RAPL Measurements](http://www.ena-hpc.org/2016/pdf/khan_et_al_enahpc.pdf) * [Tejo: A Supervised Anomaly Detection Scheme for NewSQL Databases](https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01211772/document) * [Monitoring and Modelling Open Compute Servers](http://staff.www.ltu.se/~damvar/Publications/Eriksson%20et%20al.%20-%202017%20-%20Monitoring%20and%20Modelling%20Open%20Compute%20Servers.pdf) * [Experimental and numerical analysis for potential heat reuse in liquid cooled data centres](http://personals.ac.upc.edu/jguitart/HomepageFiles/ECM16.pdf) * [DevOps for IoT Applications using Cellular Networks and Cloud](https://www.ericsson.com/assets/local/publications/conference-papers/devops.pdf) * [Modeling and Analysis of Performance under Interference in the Cloud](https://www3.cs.stonybrook.edu/~anshul/mascots17.pdf) * [Effectively Measure and Reduce Kernel Latencies for Real time Constraints](https://elinux.org/images/a/a9/ELC2017-_Effectively_Measure_and_Reduce_Kernel_Latencies_for_Real-time_Constraints_%281%29.pdf) * [Monitoring and Analysis of CPU load relationships between Host and Guests in a Cloud Networking Infrastructure](http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:861235/FULLTEXT02) * [Measuring the impacts of the Preempt-RT patch](http://events17.linuxfoundation.org/sites/events/files/slides/rtpatch.pdf) * [Multicore Emulation on Virtualised Environment](https://indico.esa.int/indico/event/165/contribution/5/material/1/0.pdf) * [Stress-SGX : Load and Stress your Enclaves for Fun and Profit](https://seb.vaucher.org/papers/stress-sgx.pdf) * [Reliable Library Identification Using VMI Techniques](http://www.delaat.net/rp/2016-2017/p64/report.pdf) * [Elastic-PPQ: A two-level autonomic system for spatial preference query processing over dynamic data stream](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319613604_Elastic-PPQ_A_two-level_autonomic_system_for_spatial_preference_query_processing_over_dynamic_data_streams) * [Caliper Benchmarking](http://open-estuary.org/caliper-benchmarking) * [OpenEPC integration within 5GTN as an NFV proof of concept](http://jultika.oulu.fi/files/nbnfioulu-201706082638.pdf) * [quiho: Automated Performance Regression Testing Using Inferred Resource Utilization Profiles](https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3184422&dl=ACM&coll=DL&preflayout=flat) * [A Virtual Network Function Workload Simulator](https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1043751/FULLTEXT01.pdf) * [Time-Aware Dynamic Binary Instrumentation](https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/bitstream/handle/10012/12182/Arafa_Pansy.pdf?sequence=3) * [Characterizing and Reducing Cross-Platform Performance Variability Using OS-level Virtualization](http://www.lofstead.org/papers/2016-varsys.pdf) * [Experience Report: Log Mining using Natural Language Processing and Application to Anomaly Detection](https://hal.laas.fr/hal-01576291/document) * [CoMA: Resource Monitoring of Docker Containers](http://www.scitepress.org/Papers/2015/54480/54480.pdf) * [An Investigation of CPU utilization relationship between host and guests in a Cloud infrastructure](http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:861239/FULLTEXT02) * [Hypervisor and Virtual Machine Memory Optimization Analysis](https://www.tuit.ut.ee/sites/default/files/tuit/at/thesis/bsc/2018/atprog-courses-bakalaureuset55-loti.05.029-tambet-viitkar-text-20180520.pdf) * [Linux kernel performance test tool](https://01.org/sites/default/files/documentation/lkp-tests.pdf) * [Real-Time testing with Fuego](https://elinux.org/images/4/43/ELC2018_Real-time_testing_with_Fuego-181024m.pdf) * [Performance and Energy Trade-Offs for Parallel Applications on Heterogeneous Multi-Processing Systems](https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/9/2409/htm) * [C-Balancer: A System for Container Profiling and Scheduling](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2009.08912.pdf) * [Modelling VM Latent Characteristics and Predicting Application Performance using Semi-supervised Non-negative Matrix Factorization](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9284328) * [Semi-dynamic load balancing: efficient distributed learning in non-dedicated environments](https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3419111.3421299) * [Streamline: A Fast, Flushless Cache Covert-Channel Attack by Enabling Asynchronous Collusion](https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3445814.3446742) * [Experimental Analysis in Hadoop MapReduce: A Closer Look at Fault Detection and Recovery Techniques](https://www.mdpi.com/1131714) * [Performance Characteristics of the BlueField-2 SmartNIC](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.06619.pdf) * [Evaluating Latency in Multiprocessing Embedded Systems for the Smart Grid](https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/11/3322) * [Work-in-Progress: Timing Diversity as a Protective Mechanism](https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3477244.3477614) * [Sequential Deep Learning Architectures for Anomaly Detection in Virtual Network Function Chains](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2109.14276.pdf) * [WattEdge: A Holistic Approach for Empirical Energy Measurements in Edge Computing](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356342806_WattEdge_A_Holistic_Approach_for_Empirical_Energy_Measurements_in_Edge_Computing) * [FECBench: An Extensible Framework for Pinpointing Sources of Performance Interference in the Cloud-Edge Resource Spectrum](https://www.academia.edu/68455840/FECBench_An_Extensible_Framework_for_Pinpointing_Sources_of_Performance_Interference_in_the_Cloud_Edge_Resource_Spectrum) * [A general method for evaluating the overhead when consolidating servers: performance degradation in virtual machines and containers](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11227-022-04318-5) * [Fight Hardware with Hardware: System-wide Detection and Mitigation of Side-Channel Attacks using Performance Counters](https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3519601) * [A Performance Analysis of Hardware-assisted Security Technologies](https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1556&context=eng_etds) * [Green Cloud Software Engineering for Big Data Processing](https://eprints.leedsbeckett.ac.uk/id/eprint/7294/1/GreenCloudSoftwareEngineeringForBigDataProcessingPV-KOR.pdf) * [PTEMagnet: Fine-Grained Physical Memory Reservation for Faster Page Walks in Public Clouds](https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/196157550/PTEMagnet_MARGARITOV_DOA19112020_AFV.pdf) * [Real-Time Detection for Cache Side Channel Attack using Performance Counter Monitor](https://www.proquest.com/docview/2533920884) * [The Price of Meltdown and Spectre: Energy Overhead of Mitigations at Operating System Level](https://www4.cs.fau.de/Publications/2021/herzog_2021_eurosec.pdf) * [An Empirical Study of Thermal Attacks on Edge Platforms](https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1590&context=undergradsymposiumksu) * [Subverting Linux’ Integrity Measurement Architecture](https://svs.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/publications/2020/2020-08-27-Bohling-IMA.pdf) * [Quantifying the Interaction Between Structural Properties of Software and Hardware in the ARM Big.LITTLE Architecture](https://research.abo.fi/ws/files/26568716/QuantifyingInteraction.pdf) * [Introducing k4.0s: a Model for Mixed-Criticality Container Orchestration in Industry 4.0 ](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2205.14188.pdf) * [Real-time performance assessment using fast interrupt request on a standard Linux kernel](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/eng2.12114) * [Mixed time-criticality process interferences characterization on a multicore Linux system](https://re.public.polimi.it/retrieve/handle/11311/1033069/292404/paper-accepted-version.pdf) * [FedComm: Understanding Communication Protocols for Edge-based Federated Learning](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2208.08764.pdf) * [How much power does your server consume? Estimating wall socket power using RAPL measurements](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306004997_How_much_power_does_your_server_consume_Estimating_wall_socket_power_using_RAPL_measurements) * [Performance Isolation of Co-located Workload in a Container-based Vehicle Software Architecture](https://www.thinkmind.org/articles/ambient_2019_2_20_40020.pdf) * [Achieving Isolation in Mixed-Criticality Industrial Edge Systems with Real-Time Containers](https://drops.dagstuhl.de/opus/volltexte/2022/16332/pdf/LIPIcs-ECRTS-2022-15.pdf) * [UIE: User-centric Interference Estimation for Cloud Applications](https://www3.cs.stonybrook.edu/~anshul/ic2e16_uie.pdf) I am keen to add to the stress-ng project page any citations to research or projects that use stress-ng. I also appreciate information concerning kernel bugs or performance regressions found with stress-ng.