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  <div class="section" id="nvme-emulation">
<h1>NVMe Emulation<a class="headerlink" href="#nvme-emulation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>QEMU provides NVMe emulation through the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nvme</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nvme-ns</span></code> and
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nvme-subsys</span></code> devices.</p>
<p>See the following sections for specific information on</p>
<blockquote>
<div><ul class="simple">
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#adding-nvme-devices">Adding NVMe Devices</a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#additional-namespaces">additional namespaces</a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#nvm-subsystems">NVM subsystems</a>.</li>
<li>Configuration of <a class="reference internal" href="#optional-features">Optional Features</a> such as <a class="reference internal" href="#controller-memory-buffer">Controller Memory Buffer</a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="#simple-copy">Simple Copy</a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#zoned-namespaces">Zoned Namespaces</a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#metadata">metadata</a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#end-to-end-data-protection">End-to-End Data
Protection</a>,</li>
</ul>
</div></blockquote>
<div class="section" id="adding-nvme-devices">
<h2>Adding NVMe Devices<a class="headerlink" href="#adding-nvme-devices" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<div class="section" id="controller-emulation">
<h3>Controller Emulation<a class="headerlink" href="#controller-emulation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>The QEMU emulated NVMe controller implements version 1.4 of the NVM Express
specification. All mandatory features are implement with a couple of exceptions
and limitations:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><ul class="simple">
<li>Accounting numbers in the SMART/Health log page are reset when the device
is power cycled.</li>
<li>Interrupt Coalescing is not supported and is disabled by default.</li>
</ul>
</div></blockquote>
<p>The simplest way to attach an NVMe controller on the QEMU PCI bus is to add the
following parameters:</p>
<div class="highlight-console notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="go">-drive file=nvm.img,if=none,id=nvm</span>
<span class="go">-device nvme,serial=deadbeef,drive=nvm</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>There are a number of optional general parameters for the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nvme</span></code> device. Some
are mentioned here, but see <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-device</span> <span class="pre">nvme,help</span></code> to list all possible
parameters.</p>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">max_ioqpairs=UINT32</span></code> (default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">64</span></code>)</dt>
<dd>Set the maximum number of allowed I/O queue pairs. This replaces the
deprecated <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">num_queues</span></code> parameter.</dd>
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">msix_qsize=UINT16</span></code> (default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">65</span></code>)</dt>
<dd>The number of MSI-X vectors that the device should support.</dd>
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mdts=UINT8</span></code> (default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">7</span></code>)</dt>
<dd>Set the Maximum Data Transfer Size of the device.</dd>
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">use-intel-id</span></code> (default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">off</span></code>)</dt>
<dd>Since QEMU 5.2, the device uses a QEMU allocated “Red Hat” PCI Device and
Vendor ID. Set this to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">on</span></code> to revert to the unallocated Intel ID
previously used.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="additional-namespaces">
<h3>Additional Namespaces<a class="headerlink" href="#additional-namespaces" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>In the simplest possible invocation sketched above, the device only support a
single namespace with the namespace identifier <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code>. To support multiple
namespaces and additional features, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nvme-ns</span></code> device must be used.</p>
<div class="highlight-console notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="go">-device nvme,id=nvme-ctrl-0,serial=deadbeef</span>
<span class="go">-drive file=nvm-1.img,if=none,id=nvm-1</span>
<span class="go">-device nvme-ns,drive=nvm-1</span>
<span class="go">-drive file=nvm-2.img,if=none,id=nvm-2</span>
<span class="go">-device nvme-ns,drive=nvm-2</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The namespaces defined by the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nvme-ns</span></code> device will attach to the most
recently defined <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nvme-bus</span></code> that is created by the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nvme</span></code> device. Namespace
identifiers are allocated automatically, starting from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code>.</p>
<p>There are a number of parameters available:</p>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nsid</span></code> (default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>)</dt>
<dd>Explicitly set the namespace identifier.</dd>
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">uuid</span></code> (default: <em>autogenerated</em>)</dt>
<dd>Set the UUID of the namespace. This will be reported as a “Namespace UUID”
descriptor in the Namespace Identification Descriptor List.</dd>
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">eui64</span></code></dt>
<dd>Set the EUI-64 of the namespace. This will be reported as a “IEEE Extended
Unique Identifier” descriptor in the Namespace Identification Descriptor List.
Since machine type 6.1 a non-zero default value is used if the parameter
is not provided. For earlier machine types the field defaults to 0.</dd>
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bus</span></code></dt>
<dd>If there are more <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nvme</span></code> devices defined, this parameter may be used to
attach the namespace to a specific <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nvme</span></code> device (identified by an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">id</span></code>
parameter on the controller device).</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="nvm-subsystems">
<h3>NVM Subsystems<a class="headerlink" href="#nvm-subsystems" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Additional features becomes available if the controller device (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nvme</span></code>) is
linked to an NVM Subsystem device (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nvme-subsys</span></code>).</p>
<p>The NVM Subsystem emulation allows features such as shared namespaces and
multipath I/O.</p>
<div class="highlight-console notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="go">-device nvme-subsys,id=nvme-subsys-0,nqn=subsys0</span>
<span class="go">-device nvme,serial=a,subsys=nvme-subsys-0</span>
<span class="go">-device nvme,serial=b,subsys=nvme-subsys-0</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This will create an NVM subsystem with two controllers. Having controllers
linked to an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nvme-subsys</span></code> device allows additional <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nvme-ns</span></code> parameters:</p>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shared</span></code> (default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">on</span></code> since 6.2)</dt>
<dd>Specifies that the namespace will be attached to all controllers in the
subsystem. If set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">off</span></code>, the namespace will remain a private namespace
and may only be attached to a single controller at a time. Shared namespaces
are always automatically attached to all controllers (also when controllers
are hotplugged).</dd>
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">detached</span></code> (default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">off</span></code>)</dt>
<dd>If set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">on</span></code>, the namespace will be be available in the subsystem, but
not attached to any controllers initially. A shared namespace with this set
to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">on</span></code> will never be automatically attached to controllers.</dd>
</dl>
<p>Thus, adding</p>
<div class="highlight-console notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="go">-drive file=nvm-1.img,if=none,id=nvm-1</span>
<span class="go">-device nvme-ns,drive=nvm-1,nsid=1</span>
<span class="go">-drive file=nvm-2.img,if=none,id=nvm-2</span>
<span class="go">-device nvme-ns,drive=nvm-2,nsid=3,shared=off,detached=on</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>will cause NSID 1 will be a shared namespace that is initially attached to both
controllers. NSID 3 will be a private namespace due to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shared=off</span></code> and only
attachable to a single controller at a time. Additionally it will not be
attached to any controller initially (due to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">detached=on</span></code>) or to hotplugged
controllers.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="optional-features">
<h2>Optional Features<a class="headerlink" href="#optional-features" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<div class="section" id="controller-memory-buffer">
<h3>Controller Memory Buffer<a class="headerlink" href="#controller-memory-buffer" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nvme</span></code> device parameters related to the Controller Memory Buffer support:</p>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cmb_size_mb=UINT32</span></code> (default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>)</dt>
<dd>This adds a Controller Memory Buffer of the given size at offset zero in BAR
2.</dd>
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">legacy-cmb</span></code> (default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">off</span></code>)</dt>
<dd>By default, the device uses the “v1.4 scheme” for the Controller Memory
Buffer support (i.e, the CMB is initially disabled and must be explicitly
enabled by the host). Set this to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">on</span></code> to behave as a v1.3 device wrt. the
CMB.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="simple-copy">
<h3>Simple Copy<a class="headerlink" href="#simple-copy" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>The device includes support for TP 4065 (“Simple Copy Command”). A number of
additional <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nvme-ns</span></code> device parameters may be used to control the Copy
command limits:</p>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mssrl=UINT16</span></code> (default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">128</span></code>)</dt>
<dd>Set the Maximum Single Source Range Length (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MSSRL</span></code>). This is the maximum
number of logical blocks that may be specified in each source range.</dd>
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mcl=UINT32</span></code> (default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">128</span></code>)</dt>
<dd>Set the Maximum Copy Length (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MCL</span></code>). This is the maximum number of logical
blocks that may be specified in a Copy command (the total for all source
ranges).</dd>
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">msrc=UINT8</span></code> (default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">127</span></code>)</dt>
<dd>Set the Maximum Source Range Count (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MSRC</span></code>). This is the maximum number of
source ranges that may be used in a Copy command. This is a 0’s based value.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="zoned-namespaces">
<h3>Zoned Namespaces<a class="headerlink" href="#zoned-namespaces" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>A namespaces may be “Zoned” as defined by TP 4053 (“Zoned Namespaces”). Set
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zoned=on</span></code> on an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nvme-ns</span></code> device to configure it as a zoned namespace.</p>
<p>The namespace may be configured with additional parameters</p>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zoned.zone_size=SIZE</span></code> (default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">128MiB</span></code>)</dt>
<dd>Define the zone size (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ZSZE</span></code>).</dd>
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zoned.zone_capacity=SIZE</span></code> (default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>)</dt>
<dd>Define the zone capacity (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ZCAP</span></code>). If left at the default (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>), the zone
capacity will equal the zone size.</dd>
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zoned.descr_ext_size=UINT32</span></code> (default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>)</dt>
<dd>Set the Zone Descriptor Extension Size (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ZDES</span></code>). Must be a multiple of 64
bytes.</dd>
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zoned.cross_read=BOOL</span></code> (default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">off</span></code>)</dt>
<dd>Set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">on</span></code> to allow reads to cross zone boundaries.</dd>
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zoned.max_active=UINT32</span></code> (default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>)</dt>
<dd>Set the maximum number of active resources (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MAR</span></code>). The default (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>)
allows all zones to be active.</dd>
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zoned.max_open=UINT32</span></code> (default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>)</dt>
<dd>Set the maximum number of open resources (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MOR</span></code>). The default (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>)
allows all zones to be open. If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zoned.max_active</span></code> is specified, this value
must be less than or equal to that.</dd>
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zoned.zasl=UINT8</span></code> (default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>)</dt>
<dd>Set the maximum data transfer size for the Zone Append command. Like
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mdts</span></code>, the value is specified as a power of two (2^n) and is in units of
the minimum memory page size (CAP.MPSMIN). The default value (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>)
has this property inherit the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mdts</span></code> value.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="metadata">
<h3>Metadata<a class="headerlink" href="#metadata" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>The virtual namespace device supports LBA metadata in the form separate
metadata (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MPTR</span></code>-based) and extended LBAs.</p>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ms=UINT16</span></code> (default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>)</dt>
<dd>Defines the number of metadata bytes per LBA.</dd>
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mset=UINT8</span></code> (default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>)</dt>
<dd>Set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> to enable extended LBAs.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="end-to-end-data-protection">
<h3>End-to-End Data Protection<a class="headerlink" href="#end-to-end-data-protection" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>The virtual namespace device supports DIF- and DIX-based protection information
(depending on <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mset</span></code>).</p>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pi=UINT8</span></code> (default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>)</dt>
<dd>Enable protection information of the specified type (type <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2</span></code> or
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">3</span></code>).</dd>
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pil=UINT8</span></code> (default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>)</dt>
<dd>Controls the location of the protection information within the metadata. Set
to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> to transfer protection information as the first eight bytes of
metadata. Otherwise, the protection information is transferred as the last
eight bytes.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
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