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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <title>aInfinity -- aInfinity algebra and module structures on free resolutions</title> <meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../Macaulay2/Style/doc.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../Macaulay2/Style/katex/katex.min.css"> <script defer="defer" src="../../../../Macaulay2/Style/katex/katex.min.js"></script> <script defer="defer" src="../../../../Macaulay2/Style/katex/contrib/auto-render.min.js"></script> <script> var macros = { "\\break": "\\\\", "\\ZZ": "\\mathbb{Z}", "\\NN": "\\mathbb{N}", "\\QQ": "\\mathbb{Q}", "\\RR": "\\mathbb{R}", "\\CC": "\\mathbb{C}", "\\PP": "\\mathbb{P}" }, delimiters = [ { left: "$$", right: "$$", display: true}, { left: "\\[", right: "\\]", display: true}, { left: "$", right: "$", display: false}, { left: "\\(", right: "\\)", display: false} ], ignoredTags = [ "kbd", "var", "samp", "script", "noscript", "style", "textarea", "pre", "code", "option" ]; document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function() { renderMathInElement(document.body, { delimiters: delimiters, macros: macros, ignoredTags: ignoredTags, trust: true }); }); </script> <style>.katex { font-size: 1em; }</style> <script defer="defer" src="../../../../Macaulay2/Style/katex/contrib/copy-tex.min.js"></script> <script defer="defer" src="../../../../Macaulay2/Style/katex/contrib/render-a11y-string.min.js"></script> <script src="../../../../Macaulay2/Style/prism.js"></script> <script>var current_version = '1.25.06';</script> <script src="../../../../Macaulay2/Style/version-select.js"></script> <link type="image/x-icon" rel="icon" href="../../../../Macaulay2/Style/icon.gif"> </head> <body> <div id="buttons"> <div> <a href="https://macaulay2.com/">Macaulay2</a> <span id="version-select-container"></span> » <a title="Macaulay2 documentation" href="../../Macaulay2Doc/html/index.html">Documentation </a> <br><a href="../../Macaulay2Doc/html/_packages_spprovided_spwith_sp__Macaulay2.html">Packages</a> » <span><a title="A-infinity algebra and module structures on free resolutions" href="index.html">AInfinity</a> :: <a title="aInfinity algebra and module structures on free resolutions" href="_a__Infinity.html">aInfinity</a></span> </div> <div class="right"> <form method="get" action="https://www.google.com/search"> <input placeholder="Search" type="text" name="q" value=""> <input type="hidden" name="q" value="site:macaulay2.com/doc"> </form> <a href="_burke__Resolution.html">next</a> | <a href="index.html">previous</a> | <a href="_burke__Resolution.html">forward</a> | <a href="index.html">backward</a> | up | <a href="master.html">index</a> | <a href="toc.html">toc</a> </div> </div> <hr> <div> <h1>aInfinity -- aInfinity algebra and module structures on free resolutions</h1> <ul> <li> <dl class="element"> <dt>Usage: </dt> <dd><code class="language-macaulay2">mR = aInfinity R</code></dd> <dd><code class="language-macaulay2">mX = aInfinity(mR, X)</code></dd> </dl> </li> <li>Inputs: <ul> <li><span><span class="tt">R</span>, <span>a <a title="the class of all rings" href="../../Macaulay2Doc/html/___Ring.html">ring</a></span>, of the form S/I, where S is a polynomial ring</span></li> <li><span><span class="tt">mR</span>, <span>a <a title="the class of all hash tables" href="../../Macaulay2Doc/html/___Hash__Table.html">hash table</a></span>, output of aInfinity R</span></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="../../Macaulay2Doc/html/_using_spfunctions_spwith_spoptional_spinputs.html">Optional inputs</a>: <ul> <li><span><span class="tt">LengthLimit</span><span class="tt"> => </span><span>an <a title="the class of all integers" href="../../Macaulay2Doc/html/___Z__Z.html">integer</a></span>, <span>default value null</span>, Construct A-infinity structure to specified homological degree</span></li> <li><span><span class="tt">Check</span><span class="tt"> => </span><span>a <a title="the class of boolean values" href="../../Macaulay2Doc/html/___Boolean.html">Boolean value</a></span>, <span>default value true</span>, Verifies that the lifts in the construction were successful</span></li> <li><span><span class="tt">Order</span><span class="tt"> => </span><span>a <a title="the class of boolean values" href="../../Macaulay2Doc/html/___Boolean.html">Boolean value</a></span>, <span>default value infinity</span>, Restrict the arity of A-infinity structures produced</span></li> </ul> </li> <li>Outputs: <ul> <li><span><span class="tt">mR</span>, <span>a <a title="the class of all hash tables" href="../../Macaulay2Doc/html/___Hash__Table.html">hash table</a></span>, A-infinity algebra structure on res coker presentation R</span></li> <li><span><span class="tt">mX</span>, <span>a <a title="the class of all hash tables" href="../../Macaulay2Doc/html/___Hash__Table.html">hash table</a></span>, A-infinity module structure over mR on res pushForward(map(R,S),M)</span></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <div> <h2>Description</h2> <div> <p>Given an S-free resolution of R = S/I, set B = A_+[1] (so that B_m = A_(m-1) for m >= 2, B_i = 0 for i<2), and differentials have changed sign.</p> <p>The A-infinity algebra structure is a sequence of degree -1 maps</p> <p>mR#u: B_(u_1)**..**B_(u_t) -> B_(sum u -1), for sum u <= 2 + (pd_S R), and thus, since each u_i>= 2, for t <= 1 + (pd_S R)//2.</p> <p>where u is a List of integers \geq 2, such that</p> <p>mR#{v}: B_v -> B_(v-1) is the differential of B,</p> <p>mR#{v_1,v_2} is the multiplication (which is a homotopy B**B \to B lifting the degree -2 map d**1 - 1**d: B_2**B_2 \to B_1 (which induces 0 in homology)</p> <p>mR#u for n>2 is a homotopy for the negative of the sum of degree -2 maps of the form (+/-) mR(1**...** 1 ** mR ** 1 **..**), inserting m into each possible (consecutive) sub product, and i = 2...n-1. Here m_1 represents the differential both of B and of B^(**n).</p> <p>Given mR, a similar description holds for the A-infinity module structure mX on the S-free resolution of an R-module X.</p> <p>With the optional argument LengthLimit => n, only those A-infinity maps are constructed that would be used to compute the resolution of a module of projective dimension n-1.</p> </div> <table class="examples"> <tr> <td> <pre><code class="language-macaulay2">i1 : S = ZZ/101[a,b,c] o1 = S o1 : PolynomialRing</code></pre> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <pre><code class="language-macaulay2">i2 : R = S/(ideal(a)*ideal(a,b,c)) o2 = R o2 : QuotientRing</code></pre> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <pre><code class="language-macaulay2">i3 : mR = aInfinity R;</code></pre> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <pre><code class="language-macaulay2">i4 : keys mR o4 = {ring, {3, 2}, {2}, {3}, {2, 2}, resolution, {4}, {2, 3}} o4 : List</code></pre> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <pre><code class="language-macaulay2">i5 : res coker presentation R 1 3 3 1 o5 = S <-- S <-- S <-- S 0 1 2 3 o5 : Complex</code></pre> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <pre><code class="language-macaulay2">i6 : mR#"resolution" 3 3 1 o6 = S <-- S <-- S 2 3 4 o6 : Complex</code></pre> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <pre><code class="language-macaulay2">i7 : mR#{2,2} o7 = {3} | 0 -a 0 a 0 0 0 -c 0 | {3} | 0 0 -a 0 0 0 a b 0 | {3} | 0 0 0 0 0 -a 0 0 0 | 3 9 o7 : Matrix S <-- S</code></pre> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <pre><code class="language-macaulay2">i8 : X = coker map(R^2,R^{2:-1},matrix{{a,b},{b,c}}) o8 = cokernel | a b | | b c | 2 o8 : R-module, quotient of R</code></pre> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <pre><code class="language-macaulay2">i9 : mX = aInfinity(mR,X) o9 = HashTable{{1} => | a b 0 0 0 0 | } | b c a2 ab ac bc | {2, 0} => {1} | a 0 0 0 c 0 | {1} | 0 0 a 0 0 0 | {2} | 0 1 0 0 0 0 | {2} | -1 0 0 1 0 0 | {2} | 0 0 -1 0 0 1 | {2} | 0 0 0 0 -1 0 | {2, 1} => {3} | 1 0 0 a 0 c 0 0 -a 0 0 0 0 0 0 c 0 0 | {3} | 0 -1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | {3} | 0 0 0 0 a 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -a -b 0 0 | {3} | 0 0 0 0 0 a 0 1 0 0 a b 0 0 0 0 0 0 | {3} | 0 0 0 0 0 a 0 0 0 0 0 b 1 0 0 0 0 c | {3} | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 | {2, 2, 0} => {4} | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 | {4} | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 | {2, 2, 1} => 0 {2, 2} => {4} | 0 0 0 a -a 0 0 a -a 0 0 0 0 b 0 c 0 0 | {4} | 0 0 0 0 0 a 0 0 0 0 0 b 0 a 0 0 0 0 | {2, 3, 0} => 0 {2} => {1} | 0 ab 0 0 0 -bc | {1} | 0 -a2 0 0 0 ac | {2} | -b c -c 0 0 0 | {2} | a -b 0 -c 0 0 | {2} | 0 0 a b -b -c | {2} | 0 0 0 0 a b | {3, 0} => {3} | 0 1 0 0 0 0 | {3} | -1 0 0 0 0 0 | {3} | -1 0 0 1 0 0 | {3} | 0 0 -1 0 0 1 | {3} | 0 0 -1 0 0 0 | {3} | 0 0 0 0 -1 0 | {3, 1} => {4} | 0 1 0 0 a 0 -1 0 0 0 0 -c 0 0 a b 0 0 | {4} | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 | {3, 2, 0} => 0 {3} => {3} | c 0 | {3} | 0 c | {3} | -b c | {3} | a -b | {3} | 0 -b | {3} | 0 a | {4, 0} => {4} | 0 1 | {4} | -1 0 | "module" => cokernel | a b | | b c | 2 6 6 2 "resolution" => S <-- S <-- S <-- S 0 1 2 3 o9 : HashTable</code></pre> </td> </tr> </table> <div> <p>Jesse Burke showed how to use mR,mX to make an R-free resolution</p> </div> <table class="examples"> <tr> <td> <pre><code class="language-macaulay2">i10 : betti burkeResolution(X,8) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 o10 = total: 2 6 12 26 56 120 258 554 1190 0: 2 2 6 12 26 56 120 258 554 1: . 4 6 14 30 64 138 296 636 o10 : BettiTally</code></pre> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <pre><code class="language-macaulay2">i11 : betti res(X, LengthLimit =>8) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 o11 = total: 2 2 2 6 12 26 56 120 258 0: 2 2 2 6 12 26 56 120 258 o11 : BettiTally</code></pre> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <pre><code class="language-macaulay2">i12 : Y = image presentation X o12 = image | a b | | b c | 2 o12 : R-module, submodule of R</code></pre> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <pre><code class="language-macaulay2">i13 : burkeResolution(Y,8) 2 2 6 12 26 56 120 258 554 o13 = R <-- R <-- R <-- R <-- R <-- R <-- R <-- R <-- R 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 o13 : Complex</code></pre> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div> <h2>References</h2> <div> <p>Jesse Burke, Higher Homotopies and Golod Rings. arXiv:1508.03782v2, October 2015.</p> </div> </div> <div> <h2>Caveat</h2> <div> <p>Requires standard graded ring, module. Something to fix in a future version</p> </div> </div> <div> <h2>See also</h2> <ul> <li><span><a title="aInfinity algebra and module structures on free resolutions" href="_a__Infinity.html">aInfinity</a> -- aInfinity algebra and module structures on free resolutions</span></li> </ul> </div> <div> <div class="waystouse"> <h2>Ways to use <span class="tt">aInfinity</span>:</h2> <ul> <li><kbd>aInfinity(HashTable,Module)</kbd></li> <li><kbd>aInfinity(Module)</kbd></li> <li><kbd>aInfinity(Ring)</kbd></li> </ul> </div> <div class="waystouse"> <h2>For the programmer</h2> <p>The object <a title="aInfinity algebra and module structures on free resolutions" href="_a__Infinity.html">aInfinity</a> is <span>a <a title="a type of method function" href="../../Macaulay2Doc/html/___Method__Function__With__Options.html">method function with options</a></span>.</p> </div> <hr> <div class="waystouse"> <p>The source of this document is in <span class="tt">AInfinity.m2:1176:0</span>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>
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